They receive the power at their 35 receiving stations and distribute the same through the network of 1706 substations and HV & LV underground cables. The substations are located at different locations in the entire area of their supply. There are two control centres, one at Vidyut Bldg, Pathakwadi opposite G.T. Hospital and another at Transportation House, Tilak Road, Dadar. All these 35 receiving stations, 1706 substations and two control centres are very important installations from point of view for distribution and supply of the electrical energy. The list of these 35 receiving stations and two control centres along with their address is enclosed separately in Annexure I.

The four receiving stations of TEC mentioned above are fed from their generating stations through overhead high voltage transmission lines. These generating stations are also connected to the Maharashtra grid. TEC is also having their high voltage consumers in Mumbai City area.

At present electricity generation and transmission is being done in Mumbai by the Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Company. The Company has generation stations at Trombay and Khopoli. It has its receiving stations at Mumbai and surrounding areas. The Andhra Valley Power Supply Company has also a generation station at Trombay and another at Bhivpuri. It has also receiving stations in Mumbai and the surrounding areas. A list of power stations in Mumbai Corporation area and their locations is also enclosed.

In addition to this, direct supplies are also made from the Tata Hydro-Electric system to consumers with huge load demand like the railways, textile mills and a few other industries.

1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation

There are two rivers in Greater Mumbai, Dahiser River and Mithi River

The Dahiser River originates at Kanheri caves and meets Gorai creek. Similarly the Mithi River originates at Vihar and meets Mahim creek. Over flow of Vihar, Tulshi and Powai lakes goes to Mithi River. There are no rivers in Mumbai City District.

There are three dams in Mumbai Suburban District.

Name, location, capacity and catchment area

All the above three dams are impoundage on lakes. Mumbai receives its water supply through these dams and other dams located in Thane district.

Solid waste dumping sites are located at Deonar, Mulund, Malad and Gorai.

1.8 Slums

Around 74 per cent of the total population in Greater Mumbai is staying in hutment or slum colonies. Due to escalating costs of land and materials and increasing population, it has become almost impossible to acquire residential property on ownership or even rental basis for a very large proportion of households.

BMC has focused its efforts to provide the basic amenities like water, toilets and electricity in authorised slum colonies but still large proportion of population is staying in unauthorised slums and these basic amenities are very rare in such slums. All the slum colonies whether authorised or unauthorised are vulnerable to floods, health hazards, fires and cyclones.

1.9 Economy and Industrialisation

The employment count for Greater Mumbai was 34.35 lakhs in 1991 and this level of economic activity is higher than remaining part of the Maharashtra. As regards the pattern of employment in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, the primary sector is not important in Greater Mumbai since only about 7 in 1000 workers are working in primary sector as their main activity whereas 41.21 percent of the workers are working in secondary sector and 58.12 percent workers are working in tertiary sector.

The proportion of women workers is much lower in primary and secondary sectors. The geographical distribution of the main workers according to their residence shows that the workers are concentrated in F/S and G/S wards of Mumbai city and P/S, P/N, R/S and R/N wards of suburban area. As for trade workers, the workers come from all the wards of Mumbai city as well as H/W, K/W, R/S and R/N, M/W and T wards in Mumbai suburban area.

The extent of industrialisation gets reflected by the member of industrial estate and industrial activity and in terms of movement of cargo.

Types of Industries : Engineering, Printing, Garments, Plastic, Textiles, Chemical Oil Installation etc.

It is reported by the Director of Industrial Safety & Health, Mumbai that the major types of hazardous chemicals and hazardous finished products transported are:

(1) Chlorine, (2) Ethylene Oxide, (3) L.P.G., (4) Motor Spirit, (5) Superior Kerosene Oil, (6) Methanol, (7) Ammonia, (8) Hexene, (9) Naptha, (10) Propylane, (11) Butadience (12) Styrene.

1.10 Transport and Communication Network

Mumbai has three entry and exit points at Mankhurd, Dahisar and Mulund with octroi check posts at each point. The main road stretches are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Mulund leading to NH-3, Western Express Highway from Bandra to Borivali leading to NH-8, and Sion-Panvel road leading to NH-4 and NH-17.

1.10.1 Surface Transport

The main modes of transport are through the mass transport provided by Central Railway (from CST to Khopoli and Kasara on the main line and Panvel on the harbour line), Western Railway (from Churchgate to Virar) and BEST buses within BMC limits and upto Navi Mumbai and Mira Road which are outside BMC limits.

1.10.2 Outstation travel

For outstation traffic, Central Railway, Western Railway and Konkan Railway operate from CST, Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra, and Kurla terminus while MSRTC operates buses from Mumbai Central, Parel, Dadar, Borivali and Kurla depots. In addition, there are many private transporters who operate luxury and semi-luxury buses to outstation locations.

1.10.3 Waterways

Recently, hovercraft services and ferry services have started operating during the non-monsoon period from Gateway of India to Navi Mumbai, Uran, Alibag, Rewas and Juhu.

1.10.4 Air Travel

The international airport is at Sahar, which on an average has 4 million passengers alighting and departing in a day.

The domestic airport is located at Santacruz which on an average has 4.2 million passengers alighting and departing in a day.

1.10.5 Details of transport network

List of Jetties (Minor landing Centre) :

Bandra Port, Worli, Mahim, Sewree, Sasoon Dock, Apollo Bunder, Chimbai, Mahul, Turbhe, Manori Port, Gorai, Manori Marve, Malvni, Yerangle, Bhati, Juhu Tara, Danda (East), Danda (West ), Versova Port, Madh/Patwadi , Versova (W), Versova (E).

2. RISK ASSESSMENT AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

2.1 Vulnerable settlements

There are in all 2335 slum settlements as per 1985 data in Mumbai.

These slums are considered as vulnerable settlements due to their location and access to infrastructure. The locations include hilltops, slopes, nallahs, low-lying areas (with tendency to flood during high tides), coastal locations, under high tension wires, along highways, along railway lines, within industrial zones, pavements, along water mains, along open drainage

The major wards having a concentration of more than 100 slums are given below :

These slums are located on the lands of state government (25 %), BMC (20 %), Housing Board and central government (5 %), private lands (50 %). The ownership of these lands has implications for intervention strategies.

2.2 Floods

There are ten rail sections in Central Railway which get submerged during heavy rains as given below :

· Masjid Rly station to Sandhurst Rd
· Sewri-Wadala
· Matunga Sion
· Kurla Station
· Guru Tej Bahadur Nagar-Chunabhatti
· Mankhurd Station
· Vidyavihar-Ghatkopar
· Kanjurmarg-Vikhroli
· Nahur cabin area
· Mulund station

In the Western Railway, there are 12 rail sections as given below which get submerged during heavy rains :

· Between Dadar and Matunga Rly-Stations
· Near Dadar Sewage Puri Fication Centre
· Near Elphinstone Rd Rly Station
· Between Elphinstone Rd and Lower Parel, Rly-Station
· Near Lower Parel Rly-Station
· Between Lower Parel and Mahalaxmi Rly-Stations
· North side of Mahalaxmi Rly-Station
· Southside of Mumbai Central Rly-Station
· Below Platform of Mumbai Central Rly-Station
· Culvert below Platform of Marine Lines Rly-Station
· Between Marine Lines & Churchgate Rly-Station
· Charni Rd Rly-Station near Catholic Gymkhana

There a number of flooding points which result in disruption of traffic and flooding of settlements. The number of flooding points in each ward is given below

The ward wise number of flooding points is given below :

A ward wise details of all the flooding locations is given in Annexure II.

Most of these flooding points have been listed in the ward plans and have a localised impact. However, some of these flooding points have a tendency to disrupt the traffic and paralyse city life.

A number of steps such as de-silting of drainage and clearing of nallahs are taken by BMC and Railways to avoid such flooding. However, a combination of heavy precipitation and high tide may make such flooding unavoidable.

2.3 Fires

Greater Mumbai is greatly diversified and practically has every type of fire risk. The fire risk can arise from the following sources :

· large number of closely built old timber framed buildings in Ward A, B and C
· high-rise buildings with inadequate fire-fighting facilities
· commercial activities in Kalbadevi, Mumbadevi, Bhuleshwar, Vadgadi, Bhendi Bazar, C.P.Tank
· small, medium and heavy hazardous industries in suburban areas
· widespread docks area
· oil refineries in M-W ward
· petrochemical industries
· large slum settlements.

There are 2600 officers and men spread over 23 stations, to fight the fires.

2.4 Earthquakes and house crashes

The major earthquakes that have occurred in Mumbai region in the last 400 years are given below :

As per the 1991 census, Greater Mumbai has 2,768,910 dwellings, including residential, commercial and industrial establishments. Of these, only 9.08 % of the dwellings were made of re-inforced concrete while 31.35 % were engineered masonry constructions. Thus, 59.57 % of all constructions were non-engineered. This can partly be attributed to the large percentage of population living in the slums.

Therefore, the major risk category of structures is that of the engineered masonry constructions. Many of these are essentially load-bearing structures.

There are 19642 cessed buildings in Mumbai city district. Due to the Rent Control Act restrictions against raising the monthly rent, the landlord did not take up maintenance of buildings for several years. This has resulted in the deterioration of the buildings ultimately leading to their collapse. The Maharashtra Government intervened and took over the responsibility of maintaining these building by constituting the Bombay Building Repairs & Reconstruction Board in the year 1969.

The break up of these 19642 buildings is as follows .

1) A- category (constructed prior to 1-9-40)                                 16502
2) B- category (constructed between 1-9-1940 to 31-12-50)            1489
3) C- category (constructed between 1-1-51 to Sept. 1969)             1651
                                                                                                --------
                                                                                 Total        19642

Out of the total 19642 buildings, some of the buildings have been reconstructed and some have collapsed. Thus the total number of cessed buildings existing today is around 18,580. Many of these buildings have been repaired several times in the past from the permissible cost ceiling limit of Rs.75/m2. This has now been revised to Rs. 750/m2.

The Engineers of the Board undertake frequent inspection of these buildings and take all preventive measures to protect the building from any collapse due to its weak structural constitution. Usually dangerous portion of these buildings are propped up and in many cases demolition of dangerous portion also has also been resorted to.

Apart from the legal hurdles, paucity of funds has slowed down the work of Mumbai Repairs Board considerably. House Collapse is therefore a regular phenomenon and in the absence of adequate transit accommodation, emergency shelters become a major requirement in the event of house collapse.

2.5 Landslides

Greater Mumbai also faces the risk of Landslides With pressure on land, many vacant sites on hill slopes or bottoms of hills have turned into inhabited area and thereby become vulnerable to landslides. Most cases of landslides occur during heavy rain associated with high velocity winds. It sometimes results in loss of human lives and damage to structure.

The sites vulnerable to landslides in Mumbai city district are as follows :

The many sites vulnerable to landslides in Mumbai suburban district are essentially located on or near the abandoned quarries and hill ranges. These hillside lands are mainly owned by different authorities like the State/Central Government, BMC or the Maharashtra Housing Board.

Maharashtra Government has enacted the Maharashtra Slum (Improvement, Abolition and Rehabilitation) Act, 1971 under which slums in specified areas are notified as regularised slums and given protection. Since 1991, under the slum improvement programme, these slums are being improved by Slum Improvement Board, a unit of Maharashtra Housing Area Development Authority (MHADA). These slums are being provided with basic amenities. To avoid the damages due to landslides, a programme of constructing retaining wall is being carried out by the Slum Improvement Board.

2.6 Road Accidents

The major road sections in Mumbai which are accident prone in Mumbai city along with details of fatal and serious injuries from 1993 to 1995 are given below :

The number of accidents from 1990-96 and the deaths resulting from these accidents are given below :

Traffic density is highest at the following locations :

· Nariman Point
· Flora Fountain
· CST
· Nana Chowk
· Haji Ali
· Mahim-Bandra junction
· Andheri Flyover
· Crawfford Market
· J.J junction
· Dadar T.T
· Sion junction

2.7 Industrial and Chemical Accidents

There are approximately 900 industries either involved in the manufacture and processing of hazardous goods or in the storage of hazardous goods. A comprehensive list of these industries along with fact sheets are given in a separate volume. Many of these godowns are in the close proximity of the residential areas or other storages, thereby increasing the risk of fires and chemical explosions in residential as well as industrial estates.

The major concentration of the hazardous industries is seen in the Chembur-Trombay belt, spread over an area of about 10 square kilometres, having major chemical complexes, refineries, fertiliser plants, atomic energy establishment and thermal power station. Clustering of various operating units make them highly vulnerable.

BARC, HPCL, BPCL, RCF, Tata Thermal Generating Station and Oswal Petrochemicals are some of the hazardous industries operating in this belt. This area is also in close proximity to the port activities of Mumbai Port Trust which handles hazardous cargo. MPT has identified 32 hazardous chemicals which are loaded and unloaded requiring handling and storage. The list of these chemicals along with the handling capability and necessary actions required to be taken in case of emergency is given in the volume on “Hazardous industries including fact sheets”. MPT also has its independent fire service and a disaster management plan.

The atomic energy establishment, with its residential colonies, has taken adequate measures to reduce the risk. It also has a comprehensive on-site hazard management plan with necessary know-how and equipments. However, due to its close proximity with hazardous industries, namely the refineries, a close on-going co-ordination of these units and BARC is required, so as to restrict any potential damage.

The mutual aid schme in this area encompasses over 15 industrial units. The combined resources of these industries provide a highly enhanced degree of insurance to minimise loss by fire/emergency.

HPCL, BPCL, RCF and Tata Thermal Generating Station, all have their on-site plans, with manpower and equipment. Industries in the Chembur-Trombay region, though handling flammable and toxic liquids and gases, are equipped to take care of minor to moderate emergencies The settlements, which are in the vicinity of the units increase the risk and require off-site disaster management activities. None of these organisations have the capacity to manage an off-site impact of the emergencies. Therefore, the nature of emergency that can develop may require re-inforcement from Mumbai Fire Brigade and municipal authorities. The detailed fact sheets of these industries in given in the volume on “Hazardous industries including fact sheets”.

These fact sheets highlight the specific threat of the hazardous chemicals in terms of the physical consequences and the resources available with these industries to tackle the emergencies. The fact sheet identifies the individual responsible for co-ordinating the activities with other organisations. In view of the fact that the ward officer is responsible for co-ordinating disaster response at the ward level, it may be necessary that these units establish a direct contact with the ward officer in all emergency situations, even when on-site emergencies occur, and keep him posted with the status of the emergency. This will improve the co-ordination and allow for timely reinforcement from fire brigade and at the same time provide standby arrangements, if off-site operations are required.

In addition, piped natural gas supply to households has started in some suburban areas and is intended to cover most of the suburbs. In view of this, the risk of fires due to leakage of gas is an added dimension.

Also, some of the industries are receiving crude oil through underground pipelines. These include, NOCIL, HPCL, BPCL and Patalganga. There have been incidents of underground leakages and also fires. Monitoring of these pipelines particularly when these are passing through areas adjoining residential and slum settlements in the city is currently done through monitoring points. These pipelines therefore pose a risk.

2.8 Cyclones

Being an island city, the coastal wards (facing the Arabian Sea) are prone to gusty winds and cyclonic impacts. Originally, most of the fishing villages were located along the coast. These include Machimar Nagar in Colaba, Worli village, Mahim village, etc. Additionally, in most of these wards, a number of slums have also mushroomed along the coast. Given the quality of housing material used, these settlements are highly vulnerable and the possibility of their capacity to withstand the cyclonic storm is limited. A ward wise list of such settlements and dilapidated buildings prone to cyclonic impact are given below and have also been identified in each ward plan. These areas may require evacuation to temporary shelters or identified safe sites.

The assessment of extent of vulnerability of the area, people and property to a hazard or the probability of its occurrence has been undertaken in the earlier chapters on Vulnerability analysis and risk assessment. These are essential forerunners for evolving appropriate preventive measures and mitigation strategies.

The analysis shows that various locations in Mumbai are vulnerable to different disasters in varied degrees. Preparedness and mitigation plans, therefore, will have to be evolved and implementation monitored locally at the ward level to reduce the impact of the disasters. While evolving such area specific preparedness and mitigation plans, types of vulnerabilities will essentially define the levels of preparedness and mitigation strategies. These strategies will have to be concentrated more towards the social and economically backward communities, as against the vulnerability of the overall system.

While devising the mitigation strategy it is necessary to differentiate between disaster preparedness and disaster mitigation.

3.1 Disaster Preparedness

Preparedness focuses on plans to respond to a disaster threat or occurrence. It takes into account an estimation of emergency needs and identifies the resources to meet these needs. It also involves preparation of well-designed plans to structure the entire post-disaster response, and familiarising the stakeholders, particularly the communities through training and simulation exercises.

The best examples of preparedness activities are the development of local warning and community evacuation plans through community education, evolving local response structures and administrative preparedness by way of stockpiling of supplies; developing emergency plans for rescue and relief.

3.2 Disaster Mitigation

Pre-disaster planning consists of activities such as disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness. Disaster mitigation focuses on the hazard that causes the disaster and tries to eliminate or drastically reduce its direct effects. Examples include strengthening buildings to make them cyclone or earthquake resistant, controlling land-use patterns to restrict development in high-risk areas and diversification of economic activities to act as insurance to offset losses in different sectors.

Structural measures such as the construction of protective works or alterations designed to diminish the vulnerability of the elements at risk, and non-structural measures, such as regulating land use and building codes, and equipping line departments for damage reduction, can all reduce the impact of a disaster on a region or a population. Everything that is done to reduce or prevent the damages that a disaster may cause is called “mitigation of risks.” Such mitigation measures can be integrated with normal inter-departmental coordination.

3.3 Goals of Mitigation Strategy

· To substantially increase public awareness of disaster risk so that the public demands safer communities in which to live and work; and

· To significantly reduce the risks of loss of life, injuries, economic costs, and destruction of natural and cultural resources that result from disasters

4. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR GREATER MUMBAI

In view of the risk and the vulnerabilities identified in the earlier sections, the mitigation measures proposed have been categorised into three major headings :

· Infrastructure improvement
· Communication and Public Information Systems
· Land use policies and planning

Based on these, additional requirements for the line agencies will have to be identified keeping in view their future growth requirements as well as specific demands put on them as a result of disaster management plan exercise. It is expected that special procurements and inputs will enhance the capabilities and the quality of service and rationalise efficient contributions of the limited manpower resources available with these agencies. The mitigation strategy also envisages the possibilities of upgrading the quality of human resources, through training, in the long run.

4.1 Infrastructure improvement

Infrastructure improvement for Greater Mumbai has been examined in terms of transport, services and housing infrastructures. These include road and rail networks, sanitation and sewer disposal system, storm water drainage systems, slum improvement and housing repairs and retrofitting programmes. The dependent lifelines of Mumbai which include water wupply, electric supply, telecom services, fuel, health, food supply etc, depend very much upon the effective functioning of these infrastructural facilities.

The overall mitigation strategy aimed at. vulnerability reduction should address issues with respect to institutional arrangements and implementing strategies for these infrastructural improvements. The current effort in detailing the MUTP-II and MURP is a relevant step in the direction of vulnerability reduction.

4.1.1 Transport infrastructure

The requirements of projected passenger traffic, rise in vehicular density, and the increase in number of vehicles, both private and public, will put tremendous pressure on the existing transport infrastructure and road network.

For reduction of road accidents, reducing disruptions resulting from floods and increasing the response time of the emergency services, a comprehensive mitigation strategy to improve the transport infrastructure becomes imperative.

However, in the present context, any substantive increase in the infrastructure capabilities would necessitate a large component of resettlement for which an appropriate policy and participatory strategy will have to be worked out. As of now, the Government of Maharashtra, based on the recommendations of the “Task Force on Policy Framework, Institutional Arrangements and Implementation Strategy for BUTP - II, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Project, July 1995” has been in a position to come out with a clear statement on urban R&R policy.

4.1.1.1 Expansion of rail services

The proposals of additional railway corridors, that is, the Sixth Corridor and the Seventh Corridor, need to be reviewed and refined further for implementation.

Additionally, proposed commuter lines in MMR region need to be expedited. Successful implementation of MUTP-II and subsequent phases therefore is essential. The list of priority projects proposed under MUTP-II is given below :

4.1.1.2 Priority rail projects proposed under MUTP-II

· Optimisation on Western Railway (including 12 car rakes on through line)
· Optimisation on Central Railway (including 12 car rakes on through line)
· 12 Car rake operation on local line of Central Railway
· Borivli-Bhayander additional pair of line.
· Bhayander-Virar additional pair of line
· 5th line on Western Railway from Santacruz to Borivli
· Kurla-Thane additional pair of line
· 12 Car rake operation on local line of Western Railway
· 6th line on Western Railway from Santacruz to Borivli
· East-West line : Bandra-Kurla
· Optimisation on Harbour line *
· 5th line : Kurla-Dadar-CST *

* Proposed in Phase - II

Most of these projects have a component of resettlement as well. These projects will be implemented by different agencies and hence call for a co-ordinated approach of the technical and non-technical component with emphasis on participatory planning and management of resettlement

In order to reduce pedestrian as well as vehicular traffic in A ward, the proposal of metro railway for this area needs to be seriously pursued. The proposal includes underground rail corridor connecting CST to Churchgate via Fort market, Stock Exchange and Nariman Point, thereby providing a circular loop between CST and Churchgate.

4.1.1.3 Road over Bridges (ROB) and flyovers

Most of the critical ROB proposals have already been included in MUTP-II. Completion of these would facilitate east-west mobility in addition to the new roads proposed. These ROBs are at Vikhroli, Jogeshwari (North) and Jogeshwari (South).

In addition, Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) is undertaking the work of construction of flyovers across MMR region. Fifty such flyovers have been sanctioned out of which 43 flyovers are in Greater Mumbai. Works on majority of them have already started. A comprehensive traffic review will be required once all these projects are completed.

A list of these flyovers which are sanctioned is given below :

Western Express Highway

1. Mahim Junction
2. Kherwadi
3. Kalina Wakola
4. Santacruz Airport
5. Janata Colony
6. Jogeshwari-Vikroli link road
7. Aarey Goregaon
8. Goregaon Mulund Link Road
9. Rani Sati Marg
10. Shantaram Talao
11. Akurli Road
12. Dattapada Road
13. National Park
14. Shiv Vallabh Road
15. Sahar Flyover

Eastern Express Highway

1. Sion
2. R.C.F. junction
3. S.G. Bharve Road (C.S.T road)
4. Chheda Nagar
5. Andheri Ghatkopar Link road
6. Vikroli junction
7. Jogeshwari Vikroli link road
8. Goregaon Mulund link Road
9. Nitin casting
10. Cadbury
11. Golden Dyes
12. Kapur Bawadi

Sion Panvel Highway

1. B.A.R.C.
2. Chembur Mankhurd link road

Mumbai City Roads

1. Haji Ali
2. J.J.Hospital-Bhendi bazar
3. Crawford market
4. S.B. Marg : N.M. Joshi
5. SB Marg : Elphinstone
6. SB Marg : Fergusson
7. Adi Shankara marg : LBS
8. Worli Naka
9. Siddhi Vinayak
10. Barfiwala Junction
11. Adi Shankara marg : JVLR
12. Dadar Khodadad Circle
13. Juhu Airport subway

4.1.1.4 Road widening

This is one of the major requirements on some of the important arterial roads. For example, L.B.S. Marg, S.V. Road, Cadell Road, Reay Road etc., have serious bottlenecks and need to be cleared and widened. In addition, there are many junction points or flyovers which need improvements. The list of these junctions/flyovers which need widening or improvements is given below

Flyover/Junction improvement locations

1. Mahim Junction
2. Janata Colony
3. JVLR/ Jaicoach
4. Aarey Goregaon
5. Dattapada Road
6. Goregaon Mulund Link Road
7. Shantaram Talao
8. Akurli road
9. National Park
10. Shiv Vallabh road
11. Sion
12. S.G. Bharve Road (C.S.T road)
13. Chedda Nagar
14. Andheri Goregaon Link Road
15. Vikroli Junction
16. Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road
17. Golden Dyes
18. Chembur Mankhurd Link Road
19. Nitin Casting
20. Cadbury
21. BARC

4.1.1.5 Additional roads

For clearing the heavy vehicle traffic between Sion and the city, the proposed truck terminus at Wadala should be made operational and the access to the terminal via Anik-Panjarapole section needs to be provided. Other roads which need construction include Santacruz-Chembur link road (including ROB at Kurla) and Western Relief road from Juhu to Dahisar (including ROB at Dahisar).

4.1.1.6 Provision of special corridors for Fire Brigade, Ambulances, Police

Keeping in view, the location of municipal and government hospitals, fire stations and police stations, special corridors for the movement of fire brigade, ambulances and police can be identified and reserved for these services. Plan should be evolved to ensure that no other traffic is allowed to block the movement of these emergency service units. This provision of reserved corridors requires identification of inter-connecting small lanes and by-lanes so as to ensure complete north-south and east-west mobility. No parking or any other encroachments should be permitted on such identified corridors. No additional roads are envisaged in this proposal. The traffic police in consultation with fire services and hospitals should be in a position to identify such special corridors. Under this proposal, additional entrances for casualty may be required in some hospitals.

4.1.1.7 Provision of special corridors for BEST

In order to ensure that BEST buses do not slow down the traffic movement and also get a required priority being a mass transport, lanes can be reserved on the main roads for these buses. On such roads with reserved lanes, the left-turn for other traffic should only be permitted at the signals. Proposal for central corridor bus lanes has to be examined in this context.

4.1.1.8 Non-parking roads

Roads with high vehicular density and the major arterial roads should be non-parking zones. Also, the areas having concentration of chemical storages and processing have a high-risk to fires. Many of these units have settlements in their vicinity which may require evacuation. Roads connecting to these locations should be kept free from parking. This would allow for easy evacuation if necessary. For example, Kurla-Mahul road through Washi naka in the vicinity of the refineries, section of Reay Road at Sewri etc., Sion-Mahim link road through Dharavi, can be declared as no-parking roads to facilitate evacuations during emergencies. Main access to all railway stations should also be declared as non-parking.

This in turn will require implementation of parking demonstration plan and evolving muli-storeyed parking facilities in high-density areas.

4.1.2 Services and related infrastructure

4.1.2.1 Sanitation facilities

Although there has been no serious outbreak of any epidemic in the city during the last thirty years, and there has been a daily quality monitoring of water supply, sanitation facilities are inadequate. It is estimated that more than 40,000 toilets are required to achieve a ratio of 1:25 families. The Slum Sanitation Programme of the BMC may provide some relief, but is has serious limitations to reach out to all the population. Innovative and non-conventional approach to sanitation is required with sufficient financial allocations and political back-up.

Sewer treatment and disposal facilities proposed under Bombay III BSDP at Lovegrove, Bandra, Ghatkopar, Bhandup, Malad and Versova need to be put on high priority and the bottlenecks need to be sorted out at the earliest.

4.1.2.2 Sanitation infrastructure at places of mass congregation

Mumbai attracts a large domestic tourist traffic. Also it has a number of locations of mass congregation. It is essential that these tourist and mass congregation locations are provided with adequate water and sanitation infrastructure. Mobile sanitation facilities can be one of the options. Alternatively, permanent sanitation infrastructure need to be made available at these locations for the visitors to ensure health safety for the local residents. For example, Shivaji Park, Girgaum, Dadar and Juhu Chowpatty, Mahalaxmi, Haji Ali etc.

4.1.2.3 Nallah training, soling and cleaning

The settlements along the nallahs are vulnerable to floods. Also, in the absence of training, soling and regular de-silting (cleaning), most of these nallahs have a tendency of flooding and choking. It is necessary that a programme of nallah training, soling and cleaning is undertaken rigourously through the Storm-water drainage department of the BMC. This may require shifting of some of the settlements along the nallahs. For instance, Adarsh Nagar, Janata colony at Worli, Hanuman Nagar at Malad, Devi pada at Borivali, Gawan Pada at Mulund (E), Slums along Patel wadi Nalla , Chain of slums along the bank of Mithi river at Kurla (W),

4.1.2.4 Increasing capacity of storm water drainage

The present capacity of the storm-water drains needs to be augmented to a higher capacity which is under serious consideration with the Government of Maharashtra/BMC. In keeping with this present concern, care should be taken to ensure that no natural storm-water holding ponds are allowed to be encroached upon and reclaimed. The proposal of delinking sewer and storm water drainage system would further increase the capacity of storm water drainage and reduce the coastal pollution. The twin goals of the delinking need to be re-enforced through early implementation of these projects.

4.1.2.5 Upgrading Emergency Services

The response operations of the emergency services of police, fire brigade and hospitals are often hampered due to inadequate equipments and facilities. These departments are currently engaged in identifying specific items which will help them in their response operations. Helping these services to obtain such identified items would be a part of the mitigation strategy.

4.1.2.6 Enforcing on-site fire fighting capability of hazardous industries

Presently, each hazardous industry is expected to have an on-site disaster management plan supported by adequate fire fighting capabilities. However, it is observed, that the capabilities of these industries are very limited thereby increasing the pressure on BMC’s Fire Brigade. A programme of upgradation through training and guidance on procurement from the Fire Brigade would go a long way in helping these industries to be self-sufficient for on-site disasters as well as be an additional resource available to the civic administration.

4.1.3 Housing infrastructure

4.1.3.1 Retrofitting and renovation of cessed buildings

Repairs and Reconstruction Board of MHADA has been receiving a set-back in achieving their targets due to various reasons, especially financial reasons. As a part of mitigation efforts, the Board has to ensure that repairs carried out on these cessed buildings should also take into consideration earthquake and cyclone impacts. This would mean an additional financial requirements. Also, buildings for retrofitting, need to be identified and appropriate technical options provided.

4.1.3.2 Informal settlements

Most wards in the western suburbs have a coastal line dotted with informal settlements. As mentioned earlier, these settlements are most vulnerable to cyclonic impacts because of the type of housing material used. In order to reduce such impacts, the quality of housing in these settlements need to be upgraded.

Under the current provisions of settlement improvement, various programmes have been promoted with limited success. Presently, Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) is a major programme for improving the shelter quality.

In order to speed up the rehabilitation process, an institutional arrangement in the form of “Shiv Shahi Punarvasan Prakalp” has been set-up by GOM. The present status of SRS is as follows :

· New Schemes : 148
· Conversion Schemes : 43
· Old Schemes : 210

In view of the large number of informal settlements, complementary strategies for shelter improvements will have to be coupled with the existing one. In this context, the approach of Slum Upgradation Programme (SUP) under BUDP can be re-considered. Under the SUP, providing collective tenure (lease-hold rights) to co-operative housing societies of the settlements and encouraging them to upgrade the quality of shelter, had demonstrated the possibilities of involving communities in the self-help process. The scheme also provided for upgradation of infrastructure to acceptable standards. It therefore becomes essential, that such strategies for shelter improvement take disaster mitigation into consideration, thereby reducing the vulnerabilities of these settlements.

4.1.3.3 Minimum access roads

Settlements with inaccessible roads should be taken up on priority under Slum Improvement Programme (SIP) so as to ensure minimum access roads for fire brigade and ambulances. Wherever, this is not technically feasible, relocation and safe siting of settlements should be undertaken. For example, M.P Mill Compound, New Jaifalwadi at Tardeo, Lal Dongar in Chembur, Vikhroli park site, Sanjay Nagar, Nav Bharat Nagar, Maharashtra Nagar at Mankhurd, , Asalfa at Ghatkopar Juhu lane Gilbart hill at juhu, Korba Mithagar at Sewree, Settlements along Railway lines, etc.

4.2 Communication and Public Information Systems

Public Information System (PIS) demands that people are kept aware and informed in the entire cycle of disaster management from the stage of risk assessment. A lot of community education, awareness building, plan dissemination and preparedness exercises has to precede if a meaningful PIS is made operational. Thus, these tasks have already been listed in the DMP. Involvement of citizen’s groups, NGOs and CBOs in plan dissemination and preparedness is going to be one of the crucial elements.

Additionally, familiarity with warning systems and regular drills to respond to such a system and specific do’s and don’ts for the community during the disaster situation have also been suggested. Respective agencies have been assigned to undertake such tasks.

4.2.1 Wireless communication

For efficient co-ordination and effective response, communication amongst line departments such as BMC, police, fire brigade, municipal/government hospitals, meteorological centre and BEST is essential. This can be ensured by upgrading the present communication system with a more efficient wireless system. The wireless system should be full-duplex and also enable communication with different line departments.

4.2.2 Display Boards

Also, as a part of mitigation measure, electronic information display boards should be installed which could be monitored from BMC control room. The messages displayed are essentially instructional during the time of disasters. The information displayed will direct public response and help the administration in localising the impact. In the normal times, the same display boards can be used for community education on social issues and disaster preparedness messages.

The Traffic Police and BMC have jointly identified 44 locations where these display boards can be put-up. The critical locations are all rail terminus, airports, MSRTC depots, BEST bus stations, Air-India Building, Regal Cinema, Girgaum Chowpatty, Haji Ali, Worli naka, Gadge Maharaj chowk, Dadar T.T, Sion, Bandra, Mankhurd, Vashi, Panvel, Ghatkopar, Mulund, Thane, Dahisar, Virar etc.

4.2.3 Public address systems in local trains

In order to keep the passengers informed about the movement of rail services, especially during monsoon and other contingencies, public address systems needs to be installed in all the rakes. This would also require a wireless contact between the guard and the railway stations. Such a system would allow the passengers to take timely decisions with respect to their travel.

4.2.4 Public address systems at railway stations and bus stations

All railway stations, BEST bus stations, MSRTC bus stations within MMR region, should have the facility of public address system to keep the passengers updated on traffic situation.

4.2.5 Cable TV networks

Information put on the cable TV networks may help the citizens to take decisions with respect to their travel. Since cable TV operators have local coverage, a ward wise arrangement will have to be made for information inputs.

4.2.6 GIS

All the infrastructural facilities and utilities in Greater Mumbai need to be mapped on to a GIS application on a multi-user basis. There is therefore a need to develop a GIS on a scale of 1:1000. This would help the planners, administrators, emergency services and utility providers.

4.3 Land use policies and planning

The Draft Regional Plan for MMR Region 1996-2011, provides a basic framework for the land use policies and indicates the directions for planning. Within the context of the policy framework incorporated in this document and the priorities listed, the following can be brought within the purview of the mitigation strategy.

4.3.1 Safe siting

The MEIP study on community preparedness and environmental management for Mumbai has indicated the typology of vulnerable settlements including pavement dwellers. The current typology of settlements only looks at the ownership and eligibility for regularisation. A detailed analysis of the existing settlements in terms of typology of vulnerability would facilitate the preparation of a master plan for safe siting of such vulnerable settlements.

4.3.2 Improvement and protection of landfill sites

It is observed that at all the landfill sites, the current practice of crude dumping and absence of watch-and-ward has led to proliferation of informal settlements thereby adding to the already existing stock of vulnerable settlements. This also results in loss of opportunity to use such sites through compacting and providing layers of soil cover for alternate safe siting of vulnerable settlements and pavement dwellers.

4.3.3 Control on land reclamation

All existing water bodies and storm water holding ponds will have to be protected under strict development control rules. Clauses providing for any exceptions should be deleted from the development control rules.

4.3.4 Shifting of storages and hazardous units from residential areas

As a matter of policy, storage and processing of hazardous material in residential areas, is normally prohibited. However, looking at the present situation, a conscious effort to encourage such units to move out from the residential area will need a package of incentive and subsequent enforcement. This exercise will have to be done at the micro-level, that is the ward level. A ward-wise inventory of such units is already available with BMC and can form the basis for evolving a phased programme.

4.3.5 Decongestion

Mumbai being an island city, has reached its maximum capacity in terms of services and infrastructure. The GOM has been pursuing the policy of guided land development schemes such as Bandra-Kurla complex, Oshiwara district centre, Powai area development scheme, transfer of development rights from south Mumbai to suburbs, development of new townships such as Navi Mumbai, as strategies towards decongesting the island city. Simultaneously, efforts have also been made to shift employment opportunities by shifting some of the major commercial activities such as port, agriculture, steel and other wholesale markets outside Mumbai. The potentials of regional dispersions in the MMR needs to be further pursued by concerted strategies incorporating job location and infrastructure development.

5. NEED FOR CO-ORDINATION MECHANISMS

5.1 Special Features of Greater Mumbai

The bifurcation of Greater Mumbai in Mumbai city and Mumbai Suburban districts is more a revenue administrative arrangement whereas the Greater Mumbai as a whole has a Municipal Corporation divided into wards for managing municipal services. The two District Collectors will assist the Municipal Commissioner in all aspects of disaster management.

There exist the following Control Rooms in Greater Mumbai

· Police Control Room
· BMC Control Room
· Fire Brigade Control Room
· BEST Control Room
· Central Railway Control Room
· Western Railway Control Room
· Konkan Railway Control Room
· District Control Room for Mumbai district
· District Control Room for Mumbai Suburban district
· Civil Defence Control Room

In addition, on specific request from the Additional Chief Secretary (Home), help from the armed forces can be sought, especially for evacuation, medical aid, provision of relief and establishment of relief camps communication aid, repair to damaged infrastructure, management of International Relief etc. These activities will be co-ordinated through the Army control room which will form a part of the co-ordination structure.

During monsoon, temporary control rooms are set-up at all ward offices. In addition, the Health Department of BMC maintains a daily surveillance on water quality for epidemics. Water and Sewer Control Rooms also exist within BMC for monitoring internal co-ordination of these services.

The public transport is managed by the Corporation through BEST and the rapid mass rail transport is managed by Central Railway and Western Railway. On an average, about 4 million commuters use these services. Therefore any disruption in the transport services, can lead to passengers being stranded at various locations; more specifically, at terminal, transit or junction points like CST, Churchgate, Dadar, Kurla and Thane (Thane District).

Since, South Mumbai, is primarily a business cum commercial centre, the possibility of passengers being stranded at work places is very high and needs special attention. Further, the working population and the labour force is drawn extensively from Thane District and the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation area which serve as the dormitories of Mumbai city. Any disaster in Mumbai therefore affects the population in Thane and Navi Mumbai Corporation areas as well. The authorities from Thane and Navi Mumbai are also brought into the co-ordination mechanism by co-ordinating with Thane District Control Room, Thane Municipal Corporation and Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation.

The experience shows that floods, rail accidents and power failures have mainly been responsible for such disruptions. Therefore, in such cases, there is a need for co-ordination with state and central government agencies and local authorities, particularly, between Central Railway, Western Railway, Police Department and BMC.

Mumbai city and suburbs experience a number of disasters, the frequency and intensity of which has been increasing over the last few years. During the disaster situation various control rooms, municipal departments and state departments are actively associated and are simultaneously involved in disaster response from warning to relief and rehabilitation. This creates a situation of multiple authorities and multiple controls and calls for effective co-ordination mechanisms.

Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan therefore provides for co-ordination of various control rooms, departments of municipal corporation, departments of state government with each other and the state level EOC.

6. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The Municipal Commissioner vide order No.ENV/1093/DEA/CR/36/TK dated 16th February, 1994 is appointed as the District Disaster Officer for Greater Mumbai. In majority of the disasters within the managerial capacity of BMC, the BMC will manage the disaster situation without intervention from the State authorities. Micro-level plans at ward level have been prepared for all the 23 wards incorporating specific responsibilities of ward officer who will act as Ward Disaster Manager. The disaster management operations for functionaries at the ward level has been given in Section XI.

However, in cases of disasters of exceptionally large magnitude which requires co-ordination with wide range of lateral agencies including central government agencies, the Additional Chief Secretary (Home) will assume the responsibility of Disaster Manager for Mumbai.

Co-ordination arrangements for managing receipt of warning and response operations on occurrence of disaster are given in separate charts.

6.1 Mumbai Disaster Management Committee

There will be a Mumbai Disaster Management Committee under the chairmanship of Additional Chief Secretary (Home). The Committee will consist of the following depending on the type of disaster and its intensity

6.2 Functions of the Mumbai Disaster Management Committee

The functions of the Mumbai Disaster Management Committee would be to :

· Ensure effective inter-departmental co-ordination between all state departments
· Provide policy decisions when required
· Keep the government informed about disaster situation
· Review disaster related activity reports received from BMC Control Room, Police Control Room and Army Control Room and provide appropriate directions.
· Co-ordinate the activities of lateral, and Central Government agencies like

           Defence Services, SRP, CRPF, Coast Guards, CISF
           MTNL, AAI, Port Trust, FCI
           DD, AIR
           Meteorology Dept, MPCB, BARC

The ACS (Home) may set-up an informal group (core committee) as a part of preparedness measures and on-going consultations with respect to disaster management plan. This core group can consist of the following members which can meet more frequently to help in streamlining resource mobilisation particularly specialised equipments (such as given below) for specific emergencies such as gas leakages, house collapses etc, and for better co-ordination.

· ACS (Home)
· BMC, Municipal Commissioner
· Police Commissioner, Mumbai
· Chief Fire Officer, Mumbai
· GOC Maharashtra Gujarat Area

Materials/Equipments for resource mobilisation

6.3 BMC Disaster Management Committee

In order to ensure speedy and effective response, the execution of disaster related activities will be undertaken under the direction of the BMC Disaster Management Committee. The Committee will also be responsible for continuous monitoring of such activities. Such a committee will be a permanent committee. The composition of the committee will be as follows:-

6.4 Functions of Municipal Commissioner

· Establishing Priorities
· Supervision and Monitoring of disaster management and relief activities
· Coordinate the activities of

       Police Control Room
       BMC Control Room
       Fire Brigade Control Room
       Central Railway Control Room
       Western Railway Control Room
       Konkan Railway Control Room
       District Control Room for Greater Mumbai district
       District Control Room for Mumbai Suburban district
       Civil Defence Control Room

· Coordinate with NGOs, and aid agencies
· Enlist services of GOI/GOM laboratories and expert institutions for specialised services through the office of ACS as and when required.

7. FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL ROOMS

The control rooms under the jurisdiction of various line departments will be responsible for co-ordinating and facilitating the performance of the services and functions listed against each control room. The Control Rooms would also ensure availability and movement of the staff of their respective departments. Additional assistance of the BMC Control Room may be sought in emergency situations.

7.1 Police Control Room

· Cordoning of area to restrict movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic
· Shifting the rescued/affected people to hospitals
· Providing easy access to rescue and relief personnel/vehicles
· Corpse disposal
· Law and order
· Divert traffic on alternate routes as and when necessary in co-ordination with BEST
· Request MPT for providing access through MPT roads during emergencies for specific time duration and monitor the requirement of such an access
· Set-up an information centre to organise sharing of information with mass media and community
· Co-ordinate with BMC Control Room

7.2 BMC Control Room

In addition to performing the tasks listed below, the BMC Control Room in its capacity as a nodal control room will be responsible for co-ordinating the support from all other control rooms for the activities of all line departments and agencies which are involved at the disaster site. The BMC Control Room may seek assistance from the District Collector (Mumbai city and Mumbai Suburban) for requisitioning of resources such as private transport, temporary shelter and other resources.

The field level operational functions of BMC Control Room are as follows :

· Emergency supplies of water and cooked food
· Transfer of stranded and marooned persons
· Emergency transport for the seriously injured
· Setting up temporary shelters
· Salvage Operations
· Corpse disposal
· Assistance to other control rooms for movement/transport of staff including Rescue parties, Relief Personnel and Relief Materials
· Communicate to EOC additional resources required by various control rooms
· Establishing communication links with

           EOC
           Mutual Aid and Response Group
           NGO coordinating committee
           Private donors

· Dispatch of Preliminary Information Report to Emergency Operations Centre
· Dispatch of all information and any other as asked for by Emergency Operations Centre
· Report to Emergency Operations Centre on deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources.
· Issue of passes and identification stickers for vehicles on relief duty
· Provide official shoulder bands with BMC emblem to all ward officers and other BMC officers on disaster duty for easy identification.
· Issue of passes and identity cards to relief personnel including the persons from NGOs
· Coordinate NGO activities through necessary support to ensure community participation by

             Establishing coordination mechanisms among NGOs
             identification of NGOs to serve on committees, task force
             assigning well-defined area of operations and report to EOC
             assigning specific response functions to specialised NGOs and report to EOC
             Coordinate supplies distributed directly by NGOs and other organisations including private donors
             reporting upon procurement and disbursement of relief materials received through government and non-government channels
             Mobilising and coordinating work of volunteers ensuring community participation

· Organise and coordinate clearance of debris

· Temporary Repairs to damaged infrastructure

            power
            water
            transport
            telecommunication
            roads
            wharves
            bridges
            canals
            public buildings

· Coordination of Transport with

                Railways
                MSRTC and BEST
                Private transporters
                Boat Operators

· Request MPT for providing access through MPT roads during emergencies for specific time duration and monitor the requirement of such an access
· Set-up an information centre to organise sharing of information with mass media and community
· Provide all information contained in the Risk and Vulnerability Assessment document of Mumbai district to all the other control rooms and in special circumstances communicate the disaster prone sites to all control rooms.
· Monitor disaster warning or disaster occurrence and communicate the same to EOC and the other control rooms for better preparedness and effective response in coordination with and on the advise of the following agencies :

                     Meteorology Department (Heavy Rains, Cyclones, Tidal waves),
                     MERI, BARC, Meteorology Department (Earthquakes),
                     Industries (Industrial and Chemical Accidents),
                     Fire Brigade, Police (Road Accidents, Riots, Bomb threats/blast, Fires, House Crashes, Landslides)
                     Railways (Accidents and Disruptions).
                     Health Department (BMC/Government) (Epidemics and Food Poisoning)

· Coordinate with other control rooms

· Keep readily available all the information contained in DDMAP, including

                    Inventory of Resources as given in Mumbai DDMAP
                    Office and residence telephone numbers, fax numbers, and mobile numbers where applicable of Chief Secretary and other                     Secretaries including those of Mumbai Disaster Management Committee at Mantralaya and BMC Disaster Management                     Committee
                    Phone numbers, names, addresses and pager numbers where applicable of the officers from various control rooms
                    List of people who are organising and co-ordinating the relief activities at the site
                    Phone numbers, names, and addresses of the BMC ward level officers
                    Phone numbers, names, and addresses Non-officials (like MPs, MLAS, and Corporators) in the city
                    Planning Information required including maps incorporated in Mumbai DDMAP
                    Disaster Site Map and indications on extent to which other areas may be affected, etc.
                    Information regarding alternate routes, water sources, layout of essential services which may be affected, etc.

7.3 Fire Brigade Control Room

· Rescue and evacuation
· Salvage Operations
· Communicate to BMC Control Room details of all the above activities
· Communicate to BMC Control Room any additional resources required for performing the above tasks

7.4 Railways Control Room (Central and Western)

7.5 District Control Room for Greater Mumbai district

· Requisition of accommodation, structure, vehicles and equipments for relief
· Setting up of transit camps and arranging for food distribution
· Arrangements for dry rations and family kits for cooking
· Provide gratuitous relief
· Set-up an information centre to organise sharing of information with mass media and community
· Communicate to BMC Control Room details of all the above activities
· Communicate to BMC Control Room any additional resources required for performing the above tasks

7.6 District Control Room for Mumbai Suburban district

· Requisition of accommodation, structure, vehicles and equipments for relief
· Setting up of transit camps and arranging for food distribution
· Arrangements for dry rations and family kits for cooking
· Provide gratuitous relief
· Set-up an information centre to organise sharing of information with mass media and community
· Communicate to BMC Control Room details of all the above activities
· Communicate to BMC Control Room any additional resources required for performing the above tasks

7.7 Health Activities during Disaster (for BMC and State Government)

· Emergency Supplies of medicines and first-aid
· Providing emergency treatment for the seriously injured
· Corpse disposal
· Preventive medicine and anti-epidemic actions
· Supervision of food, water supplies, sanitation and disposal of waste
· Assess and Co-ordinate provision of ambulances and hospitals where they could be sent, (public and private);
· Provide special information required regarding precautions for epidemics
· Set-up an information centre to organise sharing of information with mass media and community
· Communicate to BMC Control Room details of all the above activities
· Communicate to BMC Control Room any additional resources required for performing the above tasks

7.8 Civil Defence Control Room

· Rescue and evacuation
· Communicate to BMC Control Room details of all the above activities
· Communicate to BMC Control Room any additional resources required for performing the above tasks

7.9 Army Control Room

· Maintain liaison with the Mumbai Disaster Committee for vital inputs during warning period
· Collate information and warn appropriate Army units
· Coordinate movement of men and material as required
· Establish communications till site of disaster and supplement the civil communication set up if required.
· Coordinate all military activity required by the civil administration.

The armed forces can be requested by the Additional Chief Secretary, Home to perform the following activities in the event of a disaster:

· Infrastructure for Command and Control

Infrastructure for setting up command and control organisation for relief can be an important task for armed forces. This would include provision of communications (radio, telephone) and specialised manpower.

· Medical Aid

Provision of medical care with the help of the medical teams, including treatment at the nearest armed forces hospital.

· Transportation of Relief Material

Provision of logistic back-up (aircrafts, helicopters, boats, etc) and vehicles for transportation of relief material to the affected areas.

· Establishment of Relief Camps

Setting up relief camps and overseeing their running can be done through the armed forces.

· Construction and Repair of Roads and Bridges

Construction and repair of roads and bridges to enable relief teams/material to reach affected areas can be undertaken by army engineers. This will include provision of technical and plant equipment such as cranes, bulldozers and boats etc.

· Maintenance of essential services

Repair, maintenance and running of essential services can be undertaken in the initial stages of relief.

· Evacuation of people to safer areas

Assist in evacuation of people to safe places before and after the disaster.

· Management of International Relief

Management of handling of international relief can be undertaken by the defence services.

7.10 Response Structure during Warning

7.11 Response Structure on Occurrence of Disaster

7.12 Ward level Response Structure during Warning

7.13 Ward level Response Structure on Occurrence of Disaster

7.14 Key officials and contact persons for response plan

8. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOS) AND VOLUNTARY AGENCIES

The non-governmental organisations and voluntary agencies play an important role in disaster management and provide a strong band of committed volunteers with experience in managing the disasters. Their strength lies in the choice of their manpower, the informality in operations and flexibility in procedures. These organisations enjoy a fair degree of autonomy and hence can respond to changing needs immediately.

However, in order to maintain uniformity in operations and effective co-ordination, it is desirable that they follow the standards of services (as given in the Guidelines), information exchange and reporting so as to enable the Municipal Commissioner to have a total picture of resource availability, disbursements and requirements. NGOs therefore have been assigned specific tasks by the Municipal Commissioner to undertake relief work within the overall institutional framework. As and where possible, NGOs may also be able to improve the quality of delivery of services. In addition, Mohalla Committees have been operating at the community level, especially in times of emergencies like house collapses, fires, floods. Such committees have been identified at the ward level.

Specific activities in which NGOs/Private Sector can be involved during disaster management operations are :

· Search and rescue operations
· Information dissemination
· First aid
· Disposal of dead
· Damage assessment
· Management of information centres at temporary shelters
· Mobilisation and distribution of relief supplies including finances
· Manpower for community mobilisation, crowd control, rumour control, traffic management
· Specialised services (psychiatric and mental health assistance)
· Management of transit camps

The following agencies will be associated with relief and rehabilitation activities. Most of these agencies have the capacity to mobilise required resources and have assisted the administration in the past in managing relief and rehabilitation activities. These agencies include :

· Agriculture Produce Market Committee
· Bharat Sevashram
· CARE
· CARITAS
· CASA
· Indian Red Cross
· Mahalaxmi Trust
· Ramkrishna Mission
· Salvation Army
· Somaiya Trust
· Swami Narayan Trust
· Service Clubs of Rotary, Lions and Giants
· Tata Relief Committee

8.1 Encouraging Community Preparedness

Disasters may result in cutting off essential services and in spite of administrative preparedness it may not be possible for the administration to reach out immediately.

Mitigation efforts and preparation of the disaster management action plan for local areas are essential elements and pre-requisites. Preparedness to a large extent would reduce the impact and the damage. Training and simulation exercises for enhancing the community’s preparedness and response capability to identified risks will simultaneously strengthen and enhance the capacity of the administration to undertake necessary preparedness or evacuation measures. The Corporation wants to encourage and support initiatives towards community preparedness measures.

Private Sector units, NGOs and other organisations have been identified as resource groups for involvement in community preparedness measures. These agencies will be able to get the benefit of training for the same from the training activities undertaken by YASHADA. These agencies are :

· Apnalaya
· AVEHI
· Bombay Environmental Action Group (BEAG)
· Foundation for Research in Community Health
· Jagruti Kendra
· Mohalla Committee Movement Trust
· Nirmala Niketan School of Social Work
· Parisar Asha
· Save Bombay Committee
· SIDDHI
· Slum Rehabilitation Society
· SPARC
· Tata Institute of Social Sciences
· YUVA
· YWCA

As a part of general preparedness at community level, the NGOs will make the communities conscious about the type of hazard that the community faces. Thus local disaster management action plans for hot-spot areas in the context of specific vulnerability would be developed. For areas with high concentration of industries particularly engaged in production, storage and transport of hazardous materials, Mutual Aid and Resource Groups will be set-up.

8.2 Mutual Aid and Resource Groups (MARGs)

The objective of setting up MARGs is to

· Make the industrial zone self-sufficient
· Encourage pooling of resources to tackle industrial accidents
· Manage both on-site and off-site industrial accidents
· Provide for a degree of expertise in managing disasters
· Reduce the response time for managing disasters
· To integrate the on-site plan of industries with an off-site plan.
· Assist the Corporation in managing disasters

Private sector institutions which will be associated with the task of undertaking training for member organisations include the following

· Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industries
· Confederation of Indian Industries
· Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce

8.3 Areas of Community Participation

In case of evacuation, people would be advised to follow these steps:

· Secure their homes/establishments. Close and lock doors and windows.
· Turn off the main water valve and electricity
· Leave early enough to avoid being trapped.
· Follow recommended evacuation routes. Not to take shortcuts. They may be dangerous.
· Not to move into flooded areas because the authorities may have removed the manholes for efficient drainage and the indicators may get shifted due to water currents.
· Stay away from downed power lines.

8.3.2 During the Disaster

Community leaders could be given the responsibility for ensuring the following community behaviour :

· People stay calm and panic behaviour is not encouraged. Regulate helter-skelter running or crowding of people.
· Encourage people to stay at a secured place and protect themselves from injuries.
· People do not enter damaged buildings or structures
· People do not touch electric poles, utility wires/cables
· People do not use telephones except in life-threatening situations
· Preparedness of community for recurrence of the disaster, increase in severity, or consequential emergencies
· Check for injuries. Do not attempt to move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger of death or further injury.
· Undertake first-aid activities
· Visually inspect utility lines and appliances for damage.
· If water pipes are damaged, shut off the water supply at the main valve.
· People stay away from damaged areas, unless their assistance has been specifically requested by police, fire or relief organizations.
· Mobilise people to put out small fires and people inside are made to evacuate.
· Help police, if requested, to maintain law and order and watch the evacuated property during the disaster

8.3.3 During Relief and Rehabilitation

Immediately after the disaster, the members of the community may look depressed and helpless, but very soon gets euphoric when they find that after all everything is not lost. Participation of community at this stage helps in early recovery and promotes mental health. It is necessary to see that member of the community are continuously engaged in some sort of helping activity to draw them out of their depression.

Relief authorities at the site would therefore:

· Encourage self-help in every activity of their day-to-day living.
· Encourage assistance for identification of dead, disposal of dead bodies, and disposal of damaged food stocks
· Encourage contribution of labour (loading, unloading, distribution, temporary constructions, food distribution etc)
· Enlist assistance for updating records of damages and losses.
· Enlist assistance in maintenance of law and order
· Enlist assistance in maintaining sanitation standards and disposal of waste
· Promote cultural and recreational activities in order to protect the mental health

9. REPORTING FORMATS

The institutional arrangements would not be effective unless it is operationalised through reporting formats. Such tools define the direction and the content of information as also the source. The flow of information brings in the dimension of accountability and the source provides the authenticity. Reporting formats have been prepared for the various line departments. These will be consolidated by the EOC/BMC control room depending on the nature and extent of the disaster and forwarded to the Additional Chief Secretary (Home). These formats will also be useful in monitoring the field situation.

9.1 Consolidated Report on the Status and Actions taken
(to be compiled by EOC and forwarded to Additional Chief Secretary (Home))

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

9.2 Status and Action taken Report for BMC

The BMC Control Room will send the Status and Action Taken Report on a continuous basis to the Additional Chief Secretary and Emergency Operations Centre.

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

9.3 Status and Action taken Report for Police

The Police Control Room will send the Status and Action Taken Report on a continuous basis to the Additional Chief Secretary and Emergency Operations Centre.

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

9.4 Status and Action taken Report for Fire Brigade

The Fire Brigade Control Room will send the Status and Action Taken Report on a continuous basis to the Additional Chief Secretary and Emergency Operations Centre.

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

9.5 Status and Action taken Report for BEST

The BEST Control Room will send the Status and Action Taken Report on a continuous basis to the Additional Chief Secretary and Emergency Operations Centre.

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

9.6 Status and Action taken Report for Central Railway and Western Railway

The Central Railway and Western Railway Control Room will send the Status and Action Taken Report on a continuous basis to the ACS, Home and EOC.

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

9.7 Status and Action taken Report for Medical Assistance activities

The BMC Control Room will send the Status and Action Taken Report on a continuous basis to the Additional Chief Secretary and Emergency Operations Centre.

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

10. PLAN DISSEMINATION THROUGH COMMUNITY EDUCATION

For Greater Mumbai DMAP to be effective it must be disseminated at three levels ;

· Central government departments, multilateral agencies (aid agencies), defence services, state level officials
· To the municipal authorities, district authorities, government departments, corporate sector, NGOs and other agencies and institutions within Greater Mumbai and
· Through mass media to the general public.

The content of the plan should be explained through well designed and focussed awareness programmes.

The responsibility for dissemination of the plan will be vested with Municipal Commissioner, at BMC, as well as through awareness programmes organised by each of the agencies participating in disaster management. The Municipal Commissioner will also involve NGOs in preparing suitable public awareness material to be distributed to the public.

The awareness programmes will be prepared in the local languages to ensure widespread dissemination. Media will be extensively used for public awareness programmes. These will include
              Newspapers
              TV
              Local cable networks
              Radio
              Publicity material.

Schools, colleges and other public institutions will be specifically targetted.

In addition to dissemination of literature related to the DMAP, the Municipal Commissioner will ensure that disaster response drills are conducted by the ward officers and other agencies on a regular basis, especially in the disaster prone areas to maintain the readiness of communities and departments, as regards operational procedures, personnel and equipment and orderly response.

11. WARD LEVEL RESPONSE PLAN

This document forms a sub-part of Mumbai Disaster Management Plan prepared for micro-level disaster management action plan at the ward level. When the disaster situation is localised at ward level and can be managed locally, the ward level plan will come into operation. However, a disaster situation may cover a major part of the city which would call for co-ordination of activities not only at the city level but also at specific ward level. Under such conditions, the ward level plan in the affected wards would be in operation along with the Mumbai Disaster Management Plan.

The response structure given in the ward plan essentially limits itself to micro-level intervention. When more than one ward are affected, BMC control room which is the co-ordinating authority, would expect the ward officers to co-ordinate the activities at the ward level with the line agencies such as Fire Brigade, Police etc., while the inter-ward co-ordination will be the responsibility of BMC Control Room.

11.1 Responsibilities of Ward Officer on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

On the receipt of warning or occurrence of the disaster, every Ward Officer will be required to be in preparedness by undertaking the following :

· Establish a Ward Control Room with the following :

Direct telephone contact with BMC Control Room
A supervisor of the rank of S.E./J.E to be in-charge of control room.
Labourers from conservancy staff to be kept in readiness for undertaking any emergency work
Required equipments such as :

           digging tools
           choke clearing equipments
           ropes
           tree-cutting saws
           portable search lights
           batteries
           megaphones
           gas cutters
           J.C.B
           proclain
           R.C.C. beam cutters
           generators

· The ward officer will act as Site Officer responsible for co-ordination of field activities of various line departments. The ward officer will also be responsible for providing support to line agencies so as to enable them to operate efficiently. As the Site Officer, he would be in constant touch with BMC Control Room and the field officers from

Police (Law and Order)                    : DCP/ACP
Police (Traffic)                                : Divisional Police Inspector
Fire Brigade                                   : Station Officer
Railways                                        : Station Masters
BEST (Transport)                            : Assistant Traffic Superintendent
BMC Hospitals                                 : Medical Officer casualty wards
MTNL                                              : Area Manager
BEST/BSES/TEC                              : Station Engineer
Revenue, GOM                                : Tehsildar rank/Collector

· The ward officer should ensure that all BMC officers on disaster duty use the official shoulder bands with BMC emblem for easy identification.

· The ward officer will provide all information as given in the ward plan to the field officers of the line departments.

· The ward officer will be directly responsible for the execution of the following tasks through BMC staff :

          rescue operations during house collapses in co-ordination with fire brigade
          ensure transport of injured to hospitals on priority
          transport of dead to the hospitals/corpse disposal
          anti-flooding operations
          clearing of debris
          salvage operations
          clearing of uprooted trees
          repairs to damaged roads, water supply and drainage

· The ward officer will provide and co-ordinate arrangements for

          transportation/shifting of stranded or affected persons through BMC vehicles, private vehicles and MSRTC buses
         temporary shelters with emergency food and water.
         issue of passes and identification stickers for vehicles on relief duty
         issue of passes and identity cards to relief personnel including the persons from NGOs

[Requisitioning of private transport vehicles, temporary shelters can be done through the Collectorate]

· The ward officer will ensure through the Medical Officer (Health)

         Preventive medicine and anti-epidemic actions
         Providing special information required regarding precautions for epidemics
         Supervision of food, water supplies, sanitation and disposal of waste

· Damage assessment will be carried out as per the pro forma

· The ward officer will enlist the support of NGOs and private sector for response operations. The NGOs active in the ward along with their   expected role is given in the Annexure to each ward plan.

· The ward officer will report to BMC Control Room on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources   and communicate additional requirements.

· Set-up Information Centre at the site

11.2 Responsibilities of DCP/ACP on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The DCP’ office will be responsible for the following field activities in co-ordination with the ward officer :

· Shifting of the injured to the hospitals on a priority and providing bandobast for crowd control at the hospital
· Cordoning of area to restrict movement of on-lookers, vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
· Guarding of property/valuables in affected area
· Providing easy access to rescue and relief personnel/vehicles
· Ensuring proper identification , inquest procedure and Corpse disposal
· Panchanamas will be prepared as per police procedure
· Crowd control especially outside Railway stations, bus stations and schools
· Police bandobast near railway stations, bus stations and schools
· Extensive mobile patrolling
· Arrangements for transportation/shifting of stranded or affected persons through police vehicles and private vehicles.
· Law and order and control of anti-social elements
· Use of public address system to provide information to the public. Sign boards may be used to provide information and declare areas out of bounds.
· Enlist support of Mohalla Committees for maintaining peace and for rumour control
· Information centre to organise sharing of information with mass media and community
· Communicate to police control room details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

11.3 Responsibilities of Divisional Police Inspector (Traffic) on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The Divisional Police Inspector (Traffic) in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will be responsible for the following field activities :

· Control and monitor traffic
· Extensive patrolling especially covering railway stations, bus stations and schools
· Diversion of traffic on alternate routes as and when necessary.
· Provide information about traffic flow along various corridors, especially heavy traffic or congested roads
· Co-ordination with BEST to ensure additional buses are deployed along desired routes
· Mobilising towing cranes and towing of stranded/breakdown or those vehicles obstructing movements
· Use of P.A system to provide information and direction to the public
· Setting up of sign-boards and display boards at strategic locations to give information regarding traffic movement
· Enlist support of RSP, NCC, NSS, NGOs and voluntary organisations for traffic management
· Provide and co-ordinate arrangements for transportation/shifting of stranded or affected persons through police vehicles and private vehicles.
· Communicate to traffic control room details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

11.4 Responsibilities of Fire Brigade Station Officer on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The Fire Brigade Station Officer in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will be responsible for the following field activities :

· Fire fighting operations in the affected area
· Rescue operations
· Transport of injured to the hospitals on a priority
· Evacuation of persons from the affected area
· Ensure safety from electrical installations or power supply at disaster site
· Clearing of roads or pathways due to uprooted trees
· Salvage operations
· Co-ordinate with BMC for rescue operations in house collapses
· Communicate to fire brigade control room details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

11.5 Responsibilities of Ward wise officer/Collector on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The Ward wise officer/Collector in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will be responsible for the following field activities:

· Assessing the requirements for transit camps on the occurrence of disaster
· Assisting the ward officer in requisitioning vehicles and temporary shelters
· Setting up of transit camps and pandals for temporary accommodation.
· Arranging for food distribution
· Arrangements for dry rations and family kits for cooking
· Arrangements for clothing
· Providing gratuitous relief
· Enlist support of NGOs and private sector for resources and manpower for transit camps
· Communicate to district control room details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

11.6 Responsibilities of Medical Officer (Casualty) on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The Medical Officer (Casualty) in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will be responsible for the following field activities:

· Providing emergency treatment for the seriously injured at the hospital
· Organising on-site treatment of injured with tagging and triage and transfer of injured
· Emergency supplies of medicines and first-aid
· Post-mortem and corpse disposal
· Demarcate an area in the hospital for receiving patients, tagging and triage
· If necessary, setting up poison centre within the hospital or at disaster site
· Co-ordinate with blood banks for emergency supply of blood
· Setting up an information centre at the hospital
· Communicate to BMC control room details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

11.7 Responsibilities of Railway Station Master on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The Railway Station Master in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will ensure that the following field activities are undertaken:

· Crowd control through Railway Police
· Continuous updated information through public address system on

         the running of trains
        measures being undertaken

· Information on location of temporary shelters organised by BMC for railway passengers
· Providing facilities at railway station to ward office for provision of emergency food and water to passengers
· Monitoring level of water on the railway tracks and keep BMC Control room informed.
· Co-ordinating with engineering branch staff posted at the flood prone locations at railway tracks
· Co-ordination with ward officer regarding passenger data and alternate transport

· In case of railway accidents:

          Rescue and evacuation
          Shifting of injured to hospitals
          Co-ordination with railway hospitals, BMC hospitals and government hospitals
          Provide information on alternate travel arrangements for outstation passengers

· Communicate to Railway control room details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

11.8 Responsibilities of BEST Assistant Traffic Superintendent on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The BEST Assistant Traffic Superintendent in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will be responsible for the following field activities :

· Keep standby buses in readiness for deployment
· Co-ordination with Railway Station Master and Divisional Police Inspector (Traffic) for information regarding traffic movement and passenger data
· Co-ordinate with MSRTC for transport arrangements of stranded passengers
· Deployment of additional buses along certain routes to clear passenger traffic
· Diversion of routes if and when necessary
· Providing information to the public at bus depots regarding the cancellation, re-routing, delays of buses, temporary shelter locations of BMC and the measures being undertaken.
· Communicate to BEST control room details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

The BEST/BSES/TEC station engineer in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will be responsible for the following field activities :

· Cutting off power supply if necessary
· Alternative arrangements for power supply for lighting
· Illumination of affected area as well as the periphery
· Restoration of power supply
· Keeping emergency gangs in readiness for repair work
· Repairs to damaged power infrastructure
· Attending to calls of power breakdowns or short-circuits
· Co-ordinating with fire brigade in case of fires or short-circuiting
· Communicate with respective control rooms the details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

11.10 Responsibilities of MTNL Area Manager on receipt of warning or occurrence of disaster

The MTNL Area in co-ordination with the Ward Officer will be responsible for the following field activities :

· Restoration of telephone lines
· Keeping emergency gangs in readiness for repair work
· Repairs to telecommunication infrastructure
· Communicate with Head Office the details on the field activities including deployment and reinforcements of staff and resources and communicate nature of additional requirements.

Annexure I

Details of Receiving stations

Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co. Ltd

List of Power Stations in Mumbai Corporation Area and Their Location

BRIHINMUMBAI SUBURBAN ELECTRIC SUPPLY

List of Power Stations in Mumbai Corporation Area and Their Locations

Note :- Receiving Stations at Sr. Nos. 8, 20, & 33 are situated beyond Brihan Mumbai Corporation Area.

MAHARASHTRA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD

Receiving Stations in Bhandup Area

Receiving Stations in Mulund Area

Annexure II

Ward wise details of flooding locations

This content has been reproduced as is from the Relief and Rehabilitation (R &R) Division of the Maharashtra Goverment website at http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in